<div class="" data-article-body="true"><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">For years, philosophers and psychologists have debated whether empathy helps or hinders the ways people decide how to help others. <a href="https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/1/19/14266230/empathy-morality-ethics-psychology-compassion-paul-bloom" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Critics of empathy;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Critics of empathy</a> argue that it makes people care too narrowly – focusing on individual stories rather than the broader needs of society – while careful reasoning enables more impartial, evidence-based choices.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Our <a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jm8gk_v1" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:new research;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">new research</a>, forthcoming in the academic journal PNAS Nexus, a flagship peer-reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests this “heart versus head” argument is too simple. Empathy and reasoning aren’t rivals – they work together. Each one on its own predicts more generous, far-reaching acts of assistance. And when they operate side by side, people tend to help in the fairest ways – not favoring some over others – and in ways that touch the most lives.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">We studied two groups that regularly help others at personal cost. One consisted of <a href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/abigail_marsh" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:living organ donors who gave kidneys to strangers;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">living organ donors who gave kidneys to strangers</a>. The other included “<a href="https://www.effectivealtruism.org/articles/introduction-to-effective-altruism" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:effective altruists;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">effective altruists</a>,” who use evidence and logic to direct substantial portions of their income or careers toward causes that save the most lives per dollar, such as fighting extreme poverty or preventable illness.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">All participants completed survey measures of empathy – essentially, how much they care about and are moved by others’ suffering. They also completed survey measures of reasoning. These assess how often people slow down, reflect and think through things before deciding what to do.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">We also examined how these abilities related to a range of altruistic judgments and behaviors, from hypothetical choices – such as deciding whether to help a close friend or a distant stranger – to real-world donations.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">On average, organ donors scored higher on empathy, and effective altruists scored higher on reflective reasoning – slowing down and thinking things through. But across all participants, both traits were linked to broader, more outward-looking helping. People with either an elevated heart or head, and especially those with both compared with average adults, tended to support distant others and focus on helping as many people as possible.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Even among organ donors, whose empathic ability is far above average adults’, empathy did not make them biased toward those who were close or familiar. When we measured their altruistic judgments and real-world donations, they were just as likely as average adults, and sometimes even more likely, to favor causes that saved the greatest number of lives.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">These patterns <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2011.00069.x" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:challenge the assumption;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">challenge the assumption</a> that empathy can narrow moral concern. In practice, we found, empathy can broaden it.</p><h2 class="mb-4 text-xl font-bold md:text-2xl">Why it matters</h2><figure class="relative mb-4"><div class="relative"><img alt="A Black woman in a red apron over a blue top walks with an older white woman holding food packets." loading="lazy" width="960" height="641" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="rounded-lg" style="color:transparent" src="https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/UEVycjXRb2M3lGRHvN_.xQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTY0MTtjZj13ZWJw/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_us_articles_815/2b82cafa80abf7ca21958776de98ffbd"><button aria-label="View larger image" class="group absolute bottom-3 right-3 size-10 md:size-[50px] lg:inset-0 lg:size-full lg:bg-transparent" data-ylk="elm:expand;itc:1;sec:image-lightbox;slk:lightbox-open;"><span class="absolute bottom-0 right-0 rounded-full bg-white p-3 opacity-100 shadow-elevation-3 transition-opacity duration-300 group-hover:block group-hover:opacity-100 md:p-[17px] lg:bottom-6 lg:right-6 lg:bg-white/90 lg:p-5 lg:opacity-0 lg:shadow-none"><svg viewbox="0 0 22 22" aria-hidden="true" class="size-4 lg:size-6" width="22" height="22"><path d="M12.372.92c0-.506.41-.916.915-.916L21 0l-.004 7.712a.917.917 0 0 1-1.832 0V3.183l-6.827 6.828-1.349-1.348 6.828-6.828h-4.529a.915.915 0 0 1-.915-.915M1.835 17.816l6.828-6.828 1.349 1.349-6.829 6.827h4.529a.915.915 0 0 1 0 1.831L0 21l.004-7.713a.916.916 0 0 1 1.831 0z"></path></svg></span></button><dialog aria-label="Modal Dialog" aria-modal="true" class="fixed inset-0 z-4 size-full max-h-none max-w-none bg-white hidden"></dialog></div><figcaption class="relative text-sm mt-1 pr-2.5"><div style="max-height:none;overflow:visible">Relying on reason alone isn’t enough to inspire people to help strangers. <a href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/volunteer-handing-out-food-at-food-drive-royalty-free-image/533768985?phrase=giving%20%20food%20aid%20&amp;searchscope=image%2Cfilm&amp;adppopup=true" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Jose Luis Pelaez Inc./Digital Vision via Getty Image;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Jose Luis Pelaez Inc./Digital Vision via Getty Image</a></div></figcaption></figure><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Many of today’s most urgent problems – poverty, climate change, global health – depend on motivating people to care about strangers and to use limited resources effectively.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Appeals to empathy alone may inspire giving but not necessarily the most effective giving. Appeals to reason alone can leave people unmoved, as often facts and numbers don’t stir anyone to care. Our findings suggest that the most powerful approach may be to pair empathy’s motivation with reasoning’s direction.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Empathy provides the emotional spark – a reminder that others’ suffering matters. Reasoning helps steer that motivation toward where help will have the greatest impact. Together, they encourage helping that is both compassionate and consequential.</p><h2 class="mb-4 text-xl font-bold md:text-2xl">What’s next</h2><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Future research needs to determine how empathy and reasoning can be strengthened in everyday decision-making. Could emotional stories paired with clear evidence about what works best help people choose actions that do the most good?</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">We also don’t yet know whether people who focus their giving beyond the boundaries of their immediate social circles, like effective altruists, pay any social cost for doing so – perhaps by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211002773" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:inadvertently signaling less investment in close others;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">inadvertently signaling less investment in close others</a>. Promisingly, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00181-7" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:early evidence;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">early evidence</a> from organ donors shows that those who help strangers often maintain strong, stable relationships with their closest friends and family members.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Perhaps most importantly, researchers need to rethink how altruism is understood. Psychology lacks a clear framework for explaining how empathy and reasoning work together, for whom they work best, and the situations where they come apart.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words">Developing that kind of model would reshape how we think about helping – when helping expands, when it stalls, and why. While such core questions remain, the present findings offer reason for optimism.</p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><em>The <a href="https://theconversation.com/us/topics/research-brief-83231" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Research Brief;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Research Brief</a> is a short take on interesting academic work.</em></p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><em>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com/us?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=related-link-0&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:The Conversation;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">The Conversation</a>, a nonprofit, independent news organization bringing you facts and trustworthy analysis to help you make sense of our complex world. It was written by: <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kyle-fiore-law-2394159?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Kyle Fiore Law;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Kyle Fiore Law</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/arizona-state-university-730?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Arizona State University;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Arizona State University</a></em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/brendan-bo-oconnor-1181802?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Brendan Bo O'Connor;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Brendan Bo O'Connor</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-at-albany-state-university-of-new-york-1978?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:University at Albany, State University of New York;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">University at Albany, State University of New York</a></em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stylianos-syropoulos-2346679?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Stylianos Syropoulos;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Stylianos Syropoulos</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/arizona-state-university-730?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Arizona State University;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Arizona State University</a></em> </em></p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><strong>Read more:</strong><br></p><ul class="mb-4"><li class="ml-4 list-disc"><div class=""><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><a href="http://theconversation.com/does-empathy-have-limits-72637?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=related-link0&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Does empathy have limits?;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Does empathy have limits?</a></p></div></li><li class="ml-4 list-disc"><div class=""><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><a href="http://theconversation.com/the-morality-of-feeling-equal-empathy-for-strangers-and-family-alike-151651?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=related-link1&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:The morality of feeling equal empathy for strangers and family alike;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">The morality of feeling equal empathy for strangers and family alike</a></p></div></li><li class="ml-4 list-disc"><div class=""><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><a href="http://theconversation.com/empathy-can-take-a-toll-but-2-philosophers-explain-why-we-should-see-it-as-a-strength-254554?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=related-link2&amp;utm_content=article-266913" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-ylk="slk:Empathy can take a toll – but 2 philosophers explain why we should see it as a strength;elm:context_link;itc:0;sec:content-canvas" class="link ">Empathy can take a toll – but 2 philosophers explain why we should see it as a strength</a></p></div></li></ul><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><em><span>The research relevant to this article was funded by the John Templeton Foundation.</span></em></p><p class="mb-4 text-lg md:leading-8 break-words"><em><span>Stylianos Syropoulos does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></em></p></div>

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